Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are microscopic organisms existing in the soil and kill insects with the aid of their symbiotic bacteria. EPNs are considered safe to mammals, environment, and non-target organisms. The importance in the commercial developments of EPNs is due to its ease of mass production and exemption from registration. The importance in the commercial developments of EPNs is due to its ease of mass production and exemption from registration. These nematodes are mass produced worldwide using in vivo or in vitro techniques. In vivo culture (culture in live insect host) is low technology, has low establish costs and the quality of these nematodes is high. In vitro solid production, i.e. growing the nematode and bacteria on two-dimensional arenas containing different media or on three-dimensional rearing system (crumbled polyurethane foam). This technique offers an intermediate level of technology and costs. In vitro liquid technique requires the largest establish funds and the nematode quality is decreased. Efficiency in EPN applications can be supported through improved formulations. Recently, extensive progress has been made in developing EPN formulations, particularly for foliar applications. Efficacy of nematodes can also be increased through discovery of new strains and species, strain improvement and developed application equipment or approaches.