Abstract
Decreasing fossil fuel resources has forced the mankind to explore alternative sources to make up the gap between energy demand and its production. Lignocellulosic biomass is currently considered as one of the best solutions for this consequence, since it is highly abundant and has no competition with food crops. This chapter discloses some efficient catalytic approaches for the conversion of lignocellulose feedstocks into liquid hydrocarbon fuels via deoxygenation processes. Different catalytic factors of nanomaterials including composition, functionalities, and effect of catalyst support in the deoxygenation process are critically discussed.