Abstract
Leukemia is a systematic cancer of the blood and blood-forming tissues that affects multiple organs. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common type of leukemia that affects adults. Ophthalmic manifestations of leukemia could be observed in both acute and chronic leukemias. Around 35.4% of leukemia patients present with leukemic retinopathy. In this report, we discuss the case of a patient who was diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and went on to develop leukemic retinopathy during chemotherapy.
A 35-year-old male was diagnosed with APL and received induction therapy with daunorubicin, and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in a seven + three regimen. During the remission phase, he presented with a complaint of decreased vision of the right eye for about three weeks after the initiation of the therapy. On examination, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was found to be 6/60 in the right eye and 6/6 in the left eye. Fundus examination showed intraretinal hemorrhages in the posterior pole of both eyes. Fundus photography of the right eye showed resolved macular bleeding, temporal retinal bleeding, fresh inferonasal, and supraoptic retinal hemorrhage. For the left eye, however, it showed a small hemorrhagic spot temporal to the macula. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed on both eyes, which showed sub-inner limiting membrane (sub-ILM) hemorrhage in the right macula with normal OCT of the left eye.
There are multiple reported ocular manifestations of leukemic retinopathy including flame-shaped hemorrhage, cotton wool spots, and Roth spots. In patients with APL, thrombocytopenia and intracranial hemorrhage are the proposed underlying mechanism of retinal hemorrhage. Terson's syndrome, which is an intracranial hemorrhage with associated retinal hemorrhage, has been reported to occur during ATRA induction therapy. Sub-ILM hemorrhage is relatively uncommon, and it has been associated with multiple primary pathologies such as Valsalva retinopathy, Terson's syndrome, and bleeding dyscrasias.
Retinal hemorrhage is a serious complication in leukemic patients; it could be the presenting complaint or even manifest after the initiation of therapy. Early detection and frequent follow-ups are crucial for its management.