Abstract
This study is focused on developing an approach for spatial mapping of groundwater by considering four types of factors (geological, topographical, hydrological, and climatic factors), and by using different bivariate statistical models, such as frequency ratio (FR) and Shannon’s entropy (SE). The developed approach was applied in a fractured aquifer basin (Ameln Basin, Western Anti-Atlas, Morocco), to map the spatial variation of groundwater potential. Fifteen factors (15) influencing groundwater were considered in this study, including slope degree, slope aspect, elevation, topographic wetness index (TWI), slope length (LS), topographic position index (TPI), plane curvature, profile curvature, drainage density, lineament density, distance to rivers and fault network, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), lithology, and land surface temperature (LST). The potential maps produced were then classified into five classes to illustrate the spatial view of each potential class obtained. The predictive capacity of the frequency ratio and Shannon’s entropy models was determined using two different methods, the first one based on the use of flow data from 49 boreholes drilled in the study area, to test and statistically calibrate the predictive capacity of each model. The results show that the percentage of positive water points corresponds to the most productive areas (high water flow) (42.86% and 30.61% for the FR and SE models, respectively). On the other hand, the low water flows are consistent with the predicted unfavorable areas for hydrogeological prospecting (4.08% for the FR model and 6.12% for the SE model). Additionally, the second validation method involves the integration of 7200 Hz apparent resistivity data to identify conductive zones that are groundwater circulation zones. The interpretation of the geophysical results shows that the high-potential zones match with low apparent resistivity zones, and therefore promising targets for hydrogeological investigation. The FR and SE models have proved very efficient for hydrogeological mapping at a fractured basement area and suggest that the northern and southern part of the study area, specifically the two major fault zones (Ameln Valley in the north, and the Tighmi-Tifermit Valley in the south) has an adequate availability of groundwater, whereas the central part, covering the localities of Tarçouat, Boutabi, Tililan, and Ighalen, presents a scarcity of groundwater. The trend histogram of the evolution of positive water points according to each potentiality class obtained suggests that the FR model was more accurate than the SE model in predicting the potential groundwater areas. The results suggest that the proposed approach is very important for hydrogeological mapping of fractured aquifers, and the resulting maps can be helpful to managers and planners to generate groundwater development plans and attenuate the consequences of future drought.