Abstract
, a member of the
family, is an obligate root parasite of staple cereal crops, which poses a tremendous threat to food security, contributing to malnutrition and poverty in many African countries. Depleting
seed reservoirs from infested soils is one of the crucial approaches to minimize subterranean damage to crops. The dependency of
germination on the host-released strigolactones (SLs) has prompted the development of the "Suicidal Germination" strategy to reduce the accumulated seed bank of
. The success of aforementioned strategy depends not only on the activity of the applied SL analogs, but also requires suitable application protocol with simple, efficient, and handy formulation for rain-fed African agriculture. Here, we developed a new formulation "Emulsifiable Concentration (EC)" for the two previously field-assessed SL analogs Methyl phenlactonoate 3 (MP3) and Nijmegen-1. The new EC formulation was evaluated for biological activities under lab, greenhouse, mini-field, and field conditions in comparison to the previously used Atlas G-1086 formulation. The EC formulation of SL analogs showed better activities on
germination with lower EC
and high stability under Lab conditions. Moreover, EC formulated SL analogs at 1.0 µM concentrations reduced 89-99%
emergence in greenhouse. The two EC formulated SL analogs showed also a considerable reduction in
emergence in mini-field and field experiments. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a desired formulation for applying SL analogs as suicidal agents for large-scale field application. The encouraging results presented in this study pave the way for integrating the suicidal germination approach in sustainable
management strategies for African agriculture.