Abstract
The thermal decomposition behaviours of palm kernel shells (PKS) under non-isothermal conditions were investigated using the thermogravimetric analyser. A comparison of model-free and model-fitting methods for PKS decomposition was performed. Differential and integral methods used showed an increase in apparent activation energy with the conversion. Besides that, the global single reaction mechanism was evaluated using the reaction order and Sestak-Berggren models. Curve fitting results showed that Sestak-Berggren's model demonstrated that the PKS pyrolysis mechanism was better than the reaction order model. The components, namely moisture, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were found to decompose simultaneously. From Kissinger's method, the average activation energy for devolatilisation, cellulose, and hemicellulose were 24.65 kJ mol(-1), 78.98 kJ mol(-1), and 183.07 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The decomposition of lignin occurred slowly, with a slower conversion rate in contrast to the hemicellulose and cellulose components.