Abstract
Various electric vehicle charging and discharging strategies (EVs) and V2G technologies are discussed in this article as their impacts on energy distribution networks. The V2G application that can be used on vehicles offers many benefits, as demonstrated. Features such as active power regulation, reactive power support, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering are incorporated into this technology. Although V2G technology has many benefits, there are also several challenges. These challenges include reduced battery life, communication overhead between EVs and grids, and changes in distribution network infrastructure. The article briefly discusses the effects of electric vehicle penetration levels, charging profiles, and various other aspects of controlled charging and discharging from a performance perspective. This includes overloading, deteriorating power quality, and power loss. A comprehensive analysis of controlled and uncontrolled charging–discharging methods, delayed charging–discharging methods, indirect controlled discharging methods, bidirectional charging–discharging methods, and intelligent scheduling is presented in this study. Several challenges and issues regarding electric vehicle applications are discussed from an aggregator’s perspective. Analysis shows that Li-ion batteries can be recharged 2000–4000 times, and a mass-produced Li-ion battery costs $200–$500 per kWh. Degradation costs of batteries at 80% discharge depth are estimated to be $130 per MWh at 300 kWh investment cost. 10% of peak capacity could come from PEVs in the 20% range. Around 87.5% of PEVs are properly charged.
•The EV and the network entities can exchange authentication data through aggregators and V2G gateways.•Electric vehicles can be tracked by remote access control and privacy packages for those without authorization.•Connections that can either be unidirectional or bidirectional.•Several vehicles are charging within a particular area.•Levels of charging voltage and current.