Abstract
BackgroundThe optimal treatment algorithm for iron therapy and the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) in anemic hemodialysis (HD) patients has not been established. Hemoglobin (Hb) target levels can be achieved through more frequent intravenous (IV) iron use with lower ESA dose, or with less iron dosing but higher ESA. ESA therapy to correct anemia may result in severe arterial and venous thrombotic complications and the evidence base evaluating hard clinical outcomes related to the use of IV iron is sparse.MethodsA total of 1247 maintenance HD patients from 12 dialysis centers in Portugal (n=730) and Poland (n=517) were considered. We assessed achievement of KDIGO renal anemia targets with focus on treatment strategies, which typically differ between countries. In Poland the use and dose of IV iron was 35-72% higher than that in Portugal (p<0.001) during three consecutive months; use and dose of ESA was 61% higher in Portugal (5034 vs 3133IU (adjusted)/week, p<0.001).ResultsMean Hb concentration was similar (11.0 vs 11.0g/dL) in patients treated in both countries and the proportion of patients within KDIGO anemia target was 69.5% in Poland vs 65.8% in Portugal (NS). Ferritin and TSAT levels and the proportion of patients with TSAT >20 and>50% were both significantly higher in patients in Poland (88.8 and 14.6%) than in Portugal (76.3 and 5.7% respectively, p<0.001). Significantly more patients in Poland had a ferritin concentration>800g/L (35.6%) compared to Portugal (15.8%, p<0.001). The ESA resistance index (ERI) was significantly higher in patients treated in Portugal (p<0.001). Correlation analyses showed confounding by treatment indication in unadjusted models. Multiple and logistic regression analyses showed that with ferritin within KDIGO recommended range of 200-800g/L the odds for Hb within guidelines increased significantly. Annual gross mortality was 16% in Poland and 13% in Portugal (NS); there were no differences in cause-specific mortality.ConclusionsAdministration of high doses of IV iron in routine clinical HD practice may not be associated with considerable harm. However, large randomized controlled trials are needed to provide absolute evidence of iron safety.