Abstract
Background: 1,2,3-Triazoles and imidazoles are important five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds due to their extensive biological activities. These products have been an area of growing interest to many researchers around the world because of their enormous pharmaceutical scope.
Methods: The in vivo and in vitro enzyme inhibition of some thioglycosides encompassing 1,2,4-triazole N1, N2, and N3 and/or imidazole moieties N4, N5, and N6. The effect on the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) was investigated as well as their effect on alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase. Molecular docking studies were carried out to investigate the mode of the binding interaction of the compounds with alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase. In addition, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) investigation was applied to find out the correlation between toxicity and physicochemical properties.
Results: The decrease of the antioxidant status was revealed by the in vivo effect of the tested compounds. Furthermore, the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effects of the tested compounds were clearly pronounced on alpha-glucosidase, but not beta-glucuronidase. The IC50 and Ki values revealed that the thioglycoside - based 1,2,4-triazole N3 possesses a high inhibitory action. In addition, the in vitro studies demonstrated that the whole tested 1,2,4-triazole are potent inhibitors with a Ki magnitude of 10(-6) and exhibited a competitive type inhibition. On the other hand, the thioglycosides - based imidazole ring showed an antioxidant activity and exerted a slight in vivo stimulation of alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase. Molecular docking proved that the compounds exhibited binding affinity with the active sites of alpha-glucosidase and beta-glucuronidase (docking score ranged from -2.320 to -4.370 kcal/mol). Furthermore, QSAR study revealed that the HBD and RB were found to have an overall significant correlation with the toxicity.
Conclusion: These data suggest that the inhibition of a-glucosidase is accompanied by an oxidative stress action.