Abstract
Achieving efficient bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells from blends of solution-processable small-molecule (SM) donors and acceptors is proved particularly challenging due to the complexity in obtaining a favorable donor-acceptor morphology. In this report, the BHJ device performance pattern of a set of analogous, well-defined SM donors-DR3TBDTT (DR3), SMPV1, and BTR-used in conjunction with the SM acceptor IDTTBM is examined. Examinations show that the nonfullerene "All-SM" BHJ solar cells made with DR3 and IDTTBM can achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to approximate to 4.5% (avg. 4.0%) when the solution-processing additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO, 0.8% v/v) is used in the blend solutions. The figures of merit of optimized DR3: IDTTBM solar cells contrast with those of "as-cast" BHJ devices from which only modest PCEs <1% can be achieved. Combining electron energy loss spectrum analyses in scanning transmission electron microscopy mode, carrier transport measurements via "metal-insulator-semiconductor carrier extraction" methods, and systematic recombination examinations by light-dependence and transient photocurrent analyses, it is shown that DIO plays a determining role-establishing a favorable lengthscale for the phasese-parated SM donor-acceptor network and, in turn, improving the balance in hole/electron mobilities and the carrier collection efficiencies overall.