Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease which has a biphasic life cycle; infection by promastigotes from the sandfly reaches a wound where it is phagocytosed by macrophages, producing the amastigote (the Leishmania donovani body) in the host. A protozoan parasite transmitted by the phlebotomous sandfly causes human leishmaniasis. Cutaneous forms include classical cutaneous, mucocutaneous and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. It affects c. 300 million individuals in more than 90 nations around the globe. The cutaneous form in the Old World is caused at low altitudes mainly by L. major (which has an animal reservoir, rodents such as mouse) and in swampy regions and high altitudes by L. tropica (which has no animal reservoir). L. aethiopica and L. major lead to disseminated ulcers in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India, Tunisia, Sudan and Ethiopia, whose main electrophoretic isozyme pattern Zymodeme in Saudi Arabia is LON-4.