Abstract
A 41-year-old human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-positive woman developed a syndrome with upper and lower motor neuron signs sometime after bilateral vertebral artery dissections. Over 2years, she developed a progressive myelopathy affecting predominantly the motor system. She had the picture of a person in a barrel' and died from complications. At autopsy, spinal cord revealed inflammatory infiltrates and extensive gliosis involving mainly the anterior horns. The vertebral arterial dissections may have permitted the entry of infected lymphocytes and macrophages, secreting cytokines and metalloproteinases, into the medulla progressing to the spinal cord. Few cases with pathological correlation have been reported.