An Assessment of Risk Factors of Delayed Speech and Language in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

Anish Kumar; Maryam Zubair; Azouba Gulraiz; Sruti Kalla; Saif Khan; Srushti Patel; Maria F Fleming; Princess T Oghomitse-Omene; Parth Patel; Muhammad Saqlain S Qavi

doi:10.7759/cureus.29623

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An Assessment of Risk Factors of Delayed Speech and Language in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal article

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An Assessment of Risk Factors of Delayed Speech and Language in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

Anish Kumar, Maryam Zubair, Azouba Gulraiz, Sruti Kalla, Saif Khan, Srushti Patel, Maria F Fleming, Princess T Oghomitse-Omene, Parth Patel and Muhammad Saqlain S Qavi

Curēus (Palo Alto, CA), Vol.14(9), pp.e29623-e29623

26/09/2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29623

Abstract

ent - ear nose and throat

Family

gdm- gestational diabetes mellitus

General Practice

iq - intelligence quotient pdd- pervasive developmental disorders

lbw- low birth weight

opd- outpatient department

or- odd's ratio

Otolaryngology

Pediatrics

spss- statistical package for the social sciences

uk - united kingdom

who- world health organization

Introduction Communication is the exchange of information through speaking, writing, and other mediums. Speech is the expression of thoughts in spoken words. Language is the principal method that humans use for relaying information; consisting of words conveyed by speech, writing, or gestures. Language is the conceptual processing of communication. Problems in communication or oral motor function are called speech and language disorders. Developmental delay is diagnosed when a child does not attain normal developmental milestones at the expected age. Speech and/or language disorders are amongst the most common developmental difficulties in childhood. Such difficulties are termed 'primary' if they have no known etiology, and 'secondary' if they are caused by another condition such as hearing and neurological impairment, and developmental, behavioral, or emotional difficulties. Objectives The objective of our study was to observe the risk factors for speech and language delay in the children presenting to the speech therapy clinic of a tertiary care hospital in a large urban center. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 children presenting at the speech therapy clinic of Lahore General Hospital from July to August 2021. A well-designed questionnaire was used to collect data about the sociodemographic profile, and biological, developmental, and environmental risk factors of speech and language delay in children. SPSS, version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used to enter and analyze the data. Results Parents or caretakers of a total of 98 male and 52 female children took part in this study aged 2-11 years. The average age of speech and language delay among the children was 5.65 years, 66.7% of which went to normal school while 31.3% went to special school; 66.7% were from urban areas. Around 60% had middle ear infections, and 34.7% were found to have oropharyngeal anomalies. A history of intrapartum complications was found in 68.4% of children; 46.7% of children had a history of use of a pacifier and 38% had a history of thumb sucking. Nearly 39% of children belonged to a multilingual family environment and 66.7% had a family history of screen viewing for more than two hours. Conclusion The major risk factors contributing to speech and language delay in children are family history of speech and language delay, prolonged sucking habits, male gender, oropharyngeal anomalies, hearing problems, and middle ear infections. Measures should be taken to educate people regarding risk factors, courses, and management of speech and language delay in children.

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Title: An Assessment of Risk Factors of Delayed Speech and Language in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study
Creators - without role: Anish Kumar - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Maryam Zubair - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Azouba Gulraiz - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Sruti Kalla - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Saif Khan - Delta State University
Srushti Patel - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Maria F Fleming - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Princess T Oghomitse-Omene - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Parth Patel - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Muhammad Saqlain S Qavi - Internal Medicine, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital, Sukkur, PAK Clinical Research, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, USA Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA Internal Medicine, Maharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Vizianagaram, IND Hospital Medicine, North Manchester Hospital, Manchester, GBR Pediatrics, Gujarat Medical Education and Research Society Medical College, Gandhinagar, IND Medicine, Forum of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Miami, USA Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, VEN Pediatrics and Neonatology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Abraka, NGA Pediatrics and Child Health, Covenant Community Care, Detroit, USA General Practice, Shri M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, IND Internal Medicine, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore, PAK
Publication Details: Curēus (Palo Alto, CA), Vol.14(9), pp.e29623-e29623
Publisher: Cureus
Identifiers: 9931924108331
Academic Unit: University Ha'il
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article