Abstract
Complex software systems, meant to facilitate organizations, undergo frequent upgrades that can erode the system architectures. Such erosion makes understandability and maintenance a challenging task. To this end, software modularization provides an architectural-level view that helps to understand system architecture from its source code. For modularization, nondeterministic search-based optimization uses single-factor single-objective, multifactor single-objective, and single-factor multiobjective, which have been shown to outperform deterministic approaches. The proposed MFMO approach, which uses both a heuristic (Hill Climbing and Genetic) and a meta-heuristic (nondominated sorting genetic algorithms NSGA-II and III), was evaluated using five data sets of different sizes and complexity. In comparison to leading software modularization techniques, the results show an improvement of 4.13% in Move and Join operations (MoJo, MoJoFM, and NED).