Abstract
The rapid advancement in technology in recent years has shown that nanofluids are very vital to further development in science and technology. Moreover, many industrial specifications cannot be met by allowing natural convection only, hence the need to incorporate forced convection and natural convection into a single flow regime. The research aims to quantify the mixed convective two-phase flow past a vertical permeable surface in a Brinkman-Extended Darcy porous medium (BEDPM) induced by nanofluid, with heat and mass transfer. In addition, the Nield condition is also incorporated. The model of the problem was initially constructed in the vital form of leading governing equations (LGEs). These LGEs are specifically called partial differential equations (PDEs) (because of two or more independent variables) which were later converted into a set of the single independent variable of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by implementing the similarity transformations. The set of single independent ODEs was numerically solved via the boundary value problem of fourth-order (bvp4c) technique. The bvp4c is one of the most frequently recommended built-in MATLAB subroutines based on the three-stage Labatto formula. The impact of several physically embedded influential parameters on the fluid flow, along with mass and thermal properties of the nanofluid in a Brinkman-Extended Darcy porous medium for the cases of buoyancy assisting flow (BAF) and buoyancy opposing flow (BOF), were investigated and argued. The numerical outcomes clarify that the porosity parameter reduces the velocity, whereas the concentration and the temperature enhance in the case of the buoyancy assisting and buoyancy opposing flows. In addition, the wall drag force elevates for the larger value of the dimensionless permeability parameter K1 and the buoyancy ratio parameter N, while it declines for the modified porosity parameter epsilon 1.