Abstract
A small molecule that was developed for blocking vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) has been tested and confirmed for its anti-angiogenic activity. Subsequently, it was modified into a water soluble salt form (JFD-WS) to increase bioavailability and distribution during in vivo pre-clinical testing. The present study was designed to further evaluate the anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects of JFD-WS in monotherapy as well as in combination with paclitaxel (Taxol) using a mouse xenograft model. The in vitro anti-angiogenic effects of JFD-WS were investigated using cell proliferation, migration, Matrigel tube formation and VEGFR2 phosphorylation assays. The anti-angiogenic effect of JFD-WS was further established using chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay followed by in vivo efficacy testing on GI-101A breast adenocarcinoma cells. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies were performed using BALB/c mice. Finally, the apoptotic signals were assessed in the control and experimental tumor samples, and the plasma mucin 1 (MUC1) levels were analyzed. In the in vitro tests, JFD-WS effectively inhibited HUVEC proliferation, migration, tube formation and VEGFR2 phosphorylation. Additionally, JFD-WS inhibited the formation of blood vessels in chick chorioallantoic membrane. While inhibiting the xenograft tumor growth in experimental mice, JFD-WS decreased the plasma MUC1 levels. The western blot analysis of apoptotic markers and fragmentation analysis of DNA confirmed the pro-apoptotic effects of JFD-WS. These results indicated that JFD-WS alone or in combination with paclitaxel exerted antitumor and proapoptotic effects in the breast cancer xenograft model due to an anti-angiogenic effect. These results strongly support the clinical translation of its use.