Abstract
Garlic has been reported to stimulate nitric-oxide (NO) synthesis in various cells. The role of aqueous-extract of garlic (AEG) and a purified NO-generating protein from garlic (NGPG) was investigated to control hyperglycemia by hepatic insulin synthesis through NGPG induced synthesis of NO via glucose-activated NO-synthase and glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) in the hepatocytes.
Type-1-diabetic mellitus mice were prepared by alloxan treatment, NO was determined by methemoglobin method, insulin synthesis was quantitated by ELISA. TNF-α and NFκβ was quantitated by ELISA. The AEG-induced Glut-4 synthesis was determined by in-vitro translation of mRNA from the hepatocytes. The NO-generating protein from AEG was purified to homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-50 columns and sequenced/characterized by Mass-spectral-analysis.
Purified NGPG injection to diabetic mice significantly reduced the blood-sugar and increase insulin level in diabetic animal. It also increases insulin-release, Glut-4 synthesis, glucose-uptake in both liver and β-cells of diabetic mice. NGPG down regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and the stress responsive NFκB-expression in liver cell of diabetic mice. Injection of AEG to the diabetic mice reduced the blood glucose level from 550 ± 10 mg/dL to 125 ± 10 mg/dL in 16 h with simultaneous increase of plasma NO from 0 nmol/h to 2.5 nmol/h and insulin 2 ± 1.1μunit/mL to 15μunit/mL at 16 h. Oral administration of AEG to adult diabetic mice increased NO, insulin and Glut-4 synthesis in the hepatocytes.
AEG and the purified-NGPG protein can control hyperglycemia through the stimulation of NO by glucose-activated NO-synthase that would play an important role in the synthesis of insulin/Glut-4 in liver-cells.