Abstract
This study investigated genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, phylogenic relatedness, plasmid and virulence composition of 39
Salmonella enterica
strains isolated from chicken meat samples using whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology. Four distinct serotypes were identified;
Salmonella
Minnesota (16/39, 41%),
Salmonella
Infantis (13/39, 33.3%),
Salmonella
Enteritidis (9/39, 23.1%), and one isolate was detected for
Salmonella
Kentucky (1/39, 2.6%), with sequence types (STs) as followed: ST548, ST32, ST11, and ST198, respectively. Phenotypic resistance to tetracycline (91.2%), ampicillin (82.4%), sulfisoxazole (64.7%), and nalidixic acid (61.6%) was the most observed. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides, β-lactamase, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, phenicol, lincosamide, macrolides, and tetracyclines. Plasmidome showed the presence of eight incompatibility groups, including IncA/C2, IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3, Col440I_1, IncR, IncX1, IncI1_1_Alpha, IncFIB(S)/IncFII(S), IncHI2/IncHI2A, IncX2 and ColpVC plasmids across the 39 genomes. Three resistance genes,
sul2, tetA
and
bla
CMY-2,
were predicted to be located on IncA/C2 plasmid in
S.
Minnesota isolates, whereas all
S.
Infantis isolates were positive to IncFIB(K)_1_Kpn3 plasmid that carries
bla
CTX-M-65
gene. Eleven
Salmonella
pathogenicity islands and up to 131 stress and/or virulence genes were identified in the evaluated genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed four phylogroups that were consistent with the identified ST profiles with a high level of inter-diversity between isolates. This is the first genomic characterization of
Salmonella
isolates from retail chicken meat in Saudi Arabia using WGS technology. The availability of
Salmonella
genomes from multiple geographic locations, including Saudi Arabia, would be highly beneficial in future source-tracking, especially during epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigations.