Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major health problem in the Saudi Arabian population. The aim of this study was to determine the status of antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymes, and intake of selected nutrients in subjects with MetS among Saudi adults in Taif city.
In this case-control study, a total of 104 subjects (76 with MetS and 28 controls) were recruited. Demographic data was obtained from the participants. Evaluation of anthropometric variables, glucose, lipid profiles, antioxidant enzymes and liver profile were performed. Dietary intake was evaluated through FFQ.
A positive correlation was observed between protein intake and alanine transaminase (ALT) among subjects with MetS (R = 0.33; p < 0.01). In all subjects, the macronutrients were significant predictors of body mass index [carbohydrates (β = 0.66; p < 0.001) followed by fats (β = 0.43; p = 0.003) and protein (β = 0.25; p = 0.04). Fat intake was the most significant predictor for waist circumference (β = 0.46; p = 0.001) followed by protein (β = 0.30; p = 0.01) and carbohydrates (β = 0.49; p = 0.02). Linoleic acid intake had a significant protective effect on diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.027). No significant differences were elicited in antioxidants, liver enzymes and dietary intake between MetS and controls.
Among the antioxidant and liver enzymes, only ALT was significantly associated with protein intake among MetS subjects. Moderate consumption of this macronutrient is recommended among subjects with MetS to prevent liver injury. Further studies are needed using a longitudinal design and with larger sample size to confirm present findings.