Abstract
The current study focuses on the Wadi Qanunah basin, which is considered one of Makkah Al-Mukarramah's most important watersheds. It is located in the southwestern part of the Al Qunfudhah governorate. The identification and characterization of the recharging sources for the quaternary aquifer is one of the most important goals of this study. In this context, different methods will be applied for the identification of the different factors impacting groundwater. Such methods will be based on the integration of geographic information system (GIS) and modern hydrochemical methods ranging from graphical plots, bivariate and multivariate analysis to geochemical modeling. The salinity of the groundwater studied varied from fresh to brackish, according to the seasonal influx of dilute runoff and the dissolution of the weathered rocks, as well as the cementing materials within the aquifers' matrix. Ionic ratios indicated that ion exchange, silicate weathering and evaporation played a significant role in the enrichment of the groundwater with major constituents including calcium, sodium, magnesium, sulphate and chloride. Furthermore, four factors accounted for 73.92% of the total variance, calculated using SPSS's statistical program. These factors accounted for leaching and dissolution, silicate and carbonate weathering, anthropogenic effects and evaporation. The delta 18O vs. delta D, TDS vs. delta 18O and delta 18O vs. d-excess relationships revealed that local rainfall is the main recharging source for groundwater; some samples were affected by evaporated rainfall, while others with lower salinity (<1000 mg/L) were diluted through seepage from the underlying fractured basement aquifer. Netpath geochemical modeling was applied to calculate the amount of evaporation or dilution which had affected an initial body of water as it moves from the upstream to downstream. The output of this program is consistent with what has been proved by stable isotopes, where the groundwater extracted from the final water is a mixture of an enriched recent precipitation with depleted older water. This study is an attempt to shed light on the assessment of groundwater and the extent at which it is affected by various factors in order to benefit from it in a way that ensures its sustainability.