Abstract
Toad skin extracts, such as aqueous extracts (AE) of Chinese toad skins, have demonstrated therapeutic benefits for a range of diseases including pain, inflammation, swelling, heart failure, and various types of cancers. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of an AE (0.1-10g/mL) and a 60% ethanol extract (EE; 0.1-10g/mL) from Australian cane toad (Bufo marinus) skins and the known bioactive compound, bufotenine (BT; 0.1-10nM). The assay employed a model of the human monocyte cell line U937 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- and interleukin (IL)-6. We demonstrated that AE, EE, and BT significantly inhibited the release and expression of TNF- and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner when the cells were pre-treated at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Further investigation revealed that the inhibition of TNF- and IL-6 release and expression was associated with the suppression of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa ()B activation. These results indicate that AE, EE, and BT are strong inflammation inhibitors, thus have the potential for further development as anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents from a natural source regarded as a feral pest in Australia. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2769-2780, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.