Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel antibiotics to combat emerging resistant microbial strains. One of the most pressing resources is
Aspergillus
microbial cocultures. The genome of
Aspergillus
species comprises a far larger number of novel gene clusters than previously expected, and novel strategies and approaches are essential to exploit this potential source of new drugs and pharmacological agents. This is the first review consulting recent developments and chemical diversity of
Aspergillus
cocultures and highlighting its untapped richness. The analyzed data revealed that cocultivation of several
Aspergillus
species with other microorganisms, including bacteria, plants, and fungi, is a source of novel bioactive natural products. Various vital chemical skeleton leads were newly produced or augmented in
Aspergillus
cocultures, among which were taxol, cytochalasans, notamides, pentapeptides, silibinin, and allianthrones. The possibility of mycotoxin production or complete elimination in cocultivations was detected, which pave the way for better decontamination strategies. Most cocultures revealed a remarkable improvement in their antimicrobial or cytotoxic behavior due to their produced chemical patterns; for instance, weldone and asperterrin whose antitumor and antibacterial activities, respectively, were superior. Microbial cocultivation elicited the upregulation or production of specific metabolites whose importance and significance are yet to be revealed. With more than 155 compounds isolated from
Aspergillus
cocultures in the last 10 years, showing overproduction, reduction, or complete suppression under the optimized coculture circumstances, this study filled a gap for medicinal chemists searching for new lead sources or bioactive molecules as anticancer agents or antimicrobials.