Abstract
Background
It is hypothesized that the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are higher in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of cigarette‐smokers than nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis.
Purpose
The purpose was to compare the levels of AGEs in the PISF among moderate cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis.
Materials and methods
Cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis and nonsmokers without peri‐implantitis were included. A questionnaire was used to gather information related to smoking habit, duration of implants in function and demographic traits. In all groups, peri‐implant plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), crestal bone loss (CBL) and probing depth (PD). The PISF was collected and levels of AGEs were measured. Group comparisons were performed and P < .01 was nominated as pointer of statistical significance.
Results
Fourteen smokers with peri‐implantitis (12 males and 2 females), 15 nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis (14 males and 1 female) and 15 nonsmokers without peri‐implantitis (13 males and 2 females) were included. Smokers with peri‐implantitis had a smoking history of 22.7 ± 0.3 pack years. The mesial and distal CBL, PI, and PD were significantly higher in smokers with peri‐implantitis than nonsmokers with (P < .01) and without peri‐implantitis (P < .01). The GI was significantly higher in smokers (P < .01) and nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis (P < .01) compared with nonsmokers without peri‐implantitis. The levels of AGEs were significantly higher among smokers with peri‐implantitis (552.8 ± 87.2 pg/mL) (P < .01) compared with nonsmokers with (141.6 ± 64.9 pg/mL) and without (88.1 ± 27.3 pg/mL) peri‐implantitis. The levels of AGEs were significantly higher among nonsmokers with (141.6 ± 64.9 pg/mL) (P < .01) than without (88.1 ± 27.3 pg/mL) peri‐implantitis.
Conclusion
The levels of AGEs expressed in the PISF are higher among moderate cigarette‐smokers than nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis.