Abstract
- OBJECTIVE: With our study we aimed at investigating the levels of high mobility group box chromosomal protein-1 (HMGB-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleu-kin (IL)-1 beta in periimplant crevicular fluid (PICF) of smokers and never-smokers, with and without periimplantitis, and correlate these levels with the clinical and radiographic periimplant parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty participants (n=15/group) were recruited and divided into 4 groups: cigarette smokers with periimplantitis (CSPI); cigarette smokers without periimplantitis (CSNPI); never-smokers with periimplantitis (NSPI); and never-smokers with-out periimplantitis (NSNPI). Clinical and ra-diographic periimplant parameters, including plaque scores (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone level (CBL), were assessed. Crevicular levels of HMGB-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta were quantified using human enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. p-values were generated using Kruskal-Wallis' test for comparison between the study groups, while correlations between HMGB-1, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta levels and clinical variables were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis. RESULTS: Bleeding on probing was least in NSNPI and CSNPI followed by CSPI and NSPI (p < 0.05). The highest PD and CBL was recorded for CSPI and NSPI groups, while the least PD and CBL were recorded among non-periim-plantitis groups. HMGB-1 and IL-1 beta were found to be significantly highest in CSPI groups fol-lowed by NSPI and CSNPI groups with no statistically significant difference between CSPI and NSPI groups (p < 0.05). CSPI groups reported the highest TNF-alpha levels in the PICF in comparison to other groups (p < 0.05). A significant neg-ative correlation was observed between plaque scores (p=0.0187) and CBL (p=0.0049) in NSN-PI and CSPI groups with HMGB-1, respectively. A significant positive correlation was seenfor HMGB-1 in groups CSPI (p=0.0023) and NS -PI (p=0.0018) for BOP. In CSPI group, a significant positive correlation was observed between TNF-alpha and PD (p=0.0443). On correlating IL-1 beta, a significant positive correlation was observed for CBL in CSPI (p=0.0006) and NSPI (p=0.0275) groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HMGB-1 could play a significant role in periimplant inflammatory response and inflammation. Higher crevicular flu-id HMGB-1 levels are indicative of a possible surrogate biomarker for peri-implantitis.