Abstract
In the study, two novel compounds along with two new compounds were isolated from Grewia optiva. The novel compounds have never been reported in any plant source, whereas the new compounds are reported for the first time from the studied plant. The four compounds were characterized as: 5,5,7,7,11,13-hexamethyl-2-(5-methylhexyl)icosahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol (IX), docosanoic acid (X), methanetriol mano formate (XI) and 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-methylbutanoic acid (XII). The anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, and antioxidant potentials of these compounds were determined using standard protocols. All the isolated compounds exhibited a moderate-to-good degree of activity against acetylcholinesterases (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). However, compound XII was particularly effective with IC50 of 55 mu g/mL (against AChE) and 60 mu g/mL (against BChE), and this inhibitory activity is supported by in silico docking studies. The same compound was also effective against DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2 '-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals with IC50 values of 60 and 62 mu g/mL, respectively. The compound also significantly inhibited the activities of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase in vitro. The IC50 values for inhibition of the two enzymes were recorded as 90 and 92 mu g/mL, respectively. The in vitro potentials of compound XII to treat Alzheimer's disease (in terms of AchE and BChE inhibition), diabetes (in terms of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition), and oxidative stress (in terms of free radical scavenging) suggest further in vivo investigations of the compound for assessing its efficacy, safety profile, and other parameters to proclaim the compound as a potential drug candidate.