Abstract
Background. The term "osteonecrosis of the jaw" (ONJ) is used almost synonymously with the term "bisphosphonate-associated ONJ." However, necrosis of the jawbones leading to exposure of bone is associated with other factors.
Types of Studies Reviewed. The authors conducted a literature search using PubMed to identify original research articles and case reports that described oral conditions and associated factors that result in sequestrum formation and bone exposure.
Results. After reviewing conditions that may led to necrosis of the jawbones, the authors divided the causes of ONJ into the following conditions: systemic medication use; radiation; bacterial, viral and deep fungal infections; direct chemical toxicity; trauma; idiopathy; and other etiologies.
Clinical Implications. Clinicians should take a careful history when evaluating patients with ONJ because ONJ may result from one or more factors.