Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the potential product yields and energy recovery of maize cobs (MC) through carbon dioxide-assisted torrefaction using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CO2-assisted torrefaction of MC was performed from 240 degrees C to 300 degrees C (Delta 30 degrees C) for the residence time of 30 minutes based on the selected non-isothermal/isothermal heating programme of the TGA. Furthermore, the physicochemical, microstructure and mineral characteristics of MC were examined. The results showed that the CO2-torrefaction of MC resulted in mass loss (ML) ranging from 18.45% to 55.17%, which resulted in the mass yield (MY) ranging from 81.55% to 44.83%. The HHV of the solid product was in the range from 22.55 MJ/kg to 26 MJ/kg, which indicates the CO2-torrefaction process enhanced the energy content of MC by 40% - 60%. In conclusion, the findings showed that the CO2 torrefaction is a practical, sustainable, and cost-effective approach for the valorisation of MC into a clean solid biofuel for enhanced energy recovery.