Abstract
The use of a three-phase plug-flow microreactor with powder catalysts to obtain intrinsic kinetics is reported. We compare reaction rates obtained in both our microreactor and a standard hydrogenation autoclave. In this work we stress the impact of hydrodynamic anomalies, most importantly stagnant zones of gas and liquid, which occurred in reactor columns where diluent and catalyst were unevenly distributed.
The use of a three-phase plug-flow microreactor with powder catalysts to obtain intrinsic kinetics is reported. Our test reaction is the hydrogenation of biphenyl over a Pt-Pd/Al
2O
3 catalyst. We compare reaction rates obtained in both our microreactor and a standard hydrogenation autoclave. The reactor design consists of six parallel reactor tubes with an inner diameter of 2.2
mm and a maximum catalyst-bed length of 200
mm.
Co-flowing two phases very slowly over the bed needs more care than running only a liquid or a gas. Our main contribution in this work is to stress the impact of hydrodynamic anomalies, most importantly stagnant zones of gas and liquid, which occurred in reactor columns where diluent and catalyst were unevenly distributed. Such packing irregularities caused huge variations in conversion levels from tube to tube. In contrast, using a proper way to load the solids evenly, we could get the same results in each reactor tube. The values of these kinetic constants were identical to the ones we obtained in the autoclave. The well-known effect that too much dilution causes loss of conversion is found to be stronger than that in gas–solid systems. We visualized flow patterns in a 2-dimensional reactor mock-up and found such stagnant zones in segregated beds. Scaling down a continuous packed-bed reactor to reliably measure catalytic kinetics for gas–liquid–solid reactions is possible under specified conditions described herein.