Abstract
The ample increase in water scarcity and depletion of natural resources due to their overconsumption and the contamination of water sources becomes more challenging day by day. This challenging situation has pushed the scientific community to cope with it by providing alternative solutions. Therefore, it is indeed important to conduct a sustainable study on recycling wastewater for a particular purpose. Taking this into account, an effort was made to develop a novel hybrid treatment system that applied both conventional and advanced oxidation treatment processes. In this sustainable study, an integrated system was designed for the effective treatment followed by the recycling of automobile service station wastewater (ASSWW) which comprised sedimentation (sed), catalytic ozonation, adsorption, and filtration. In the current investigation, two catalysts/adsorbents, the granular activated carbon (GAC) and rice husk (RH) were employed individually and in combination for the first time in the studied hybrid process and their performance was compared and evaluated. The obtained results revealed that the hybrid system combination-I (Sed-O-3/GAC) was more efficient than combination-II (Sed-O-3/RH); the maximum removal efficiency of COD was 100% and 80%, respectively. In addition, the hybrid system combination-III (Sed-O-3/RH + GAC) was more economical and efficient than others by employing 35% of each absorbent in the adsorption column. Moreover, this efficient Sed-O-3/RH + GAC system has a maximum removal efficiency 99%, 100%, 99%, 100%, (89%, 99%, 100%) and 100% for turbidity, COD, BOD5, fecal coliform, potentially toxic metals (Cd, Pb, As), oil and grease, respectively, at optimized conditions (O-3 = 82.5 mg/L; contact time = 18 min and catalyst dose of GAC and RH = 200 g each). Furthermore, the treated water sample complied with the WWF-recommended Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines (IWQGs) for class D. The increase in biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) was observed from 0.41 to 0.83. Therefore, the proposed efficacious hybrid system may be employed for the recycling of ASSWW for irrigation purposes.