Abstract
Building sustainable concrete requires an increasing demand for technology, innovation, and alternative binders to cement. The building sector is technologically driven toward sustainable construction materials and their relationship with the environment. Thus, this study designed three grades of cement-based concrete strengths (C 25, C 30, and C 40) modified with an alternative binder, shea nutshell ash (Vitellaria Paradoxa Ash, VPA). The binder (VPA) was varied at 0-20 wt% of Portland limestone cement (PLC) cured at 28 days, examining the compressive strength cost attained sustainability. Moreover, the embodied energy (EE), global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature potential (GTP) of the concrete compositions were evaluated using the inventory of carbon and energy (ICE) method within the confine of cradle-to-site. Also, the sustainability index (Si) and economic index (Ei) of the concrete mixes were assessed. The results revealed that VPA-cement-based concrete yielded a lesser EE, GWP, GTP, Si, and Eci than the control concrete (Portland limestone cement concrete, PLCC), indicating VPA-cement-based concrete is more sustainable than PLCC. Notwithstanding, an optimum replacement of 15 wt% PLC with VPA is recommended to satisfy all assessments earlier stated for all concrete strength grades. Therefore, these findings can be beneficial in attaining a cleaner built environment and sustainable production. Finally, VPA has proved to be a sustainable building material.