Abstract
This study describes the profiling of plant nutrients and metabolites in shoots and roots of wild-type Arabidopsis plants as well as in selected AtHKT1;1 transgenic lines before and after salinity stress. Associations between the Na content and several metabolites suggest sites of metabolic regulation that can be attributed to long-term salinity stress.Plants employ several strategies to maintain cellular ion homeostasis under salinity stress, including mediating ion fluxes by transmembrane transport proteins and adjusting osmotic pressure by accumulating osmolytes. The HKT (high-affinity potassium transporter) gene family comprises Na and Na/K transporters in diverse plant species, with HKT1;1 as the only member in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell-type-specific overexpression of AtHKT1;1 has been shown to prevent shoot Na overaccumulation under salinity stress. Here, we analyzed a broad range of metabolites and elements in shoots and roots of different AtHKT1;1 genotypes and their parental strains before and after salinity stress, revealing a reciprocal relationship of metabolite differences between an AtHKT1;1 knockout line (hkt1;1) and the AtHKT1;1 overexpressing lines (E2586 UAS(GAL4):HKT1;1 and J2731*UAS(GAL4):HKT1;1). Although levels of root sugars were increased after salt stress in both AtHKT1;1 overexpressing lines, E2586 UAS(GAL4):HKT1;1 showed higher accumulation of the osmoprotectants trehalose, gentiobiose, and melibiose, whereas J2731*UAS(GAL4):HKT1;1 showed higher levels of sucrose and raffinose, compared with their parental lines, respectively. In contrast, the knockout line hkt1;1 showed strong increases in the levels of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates in the shoots after salt treatment. This coincided with a significant depletion of sugars, suggesting that there is an increased rate of carbon influx into the TCA cycle at a constant rate of C-efflux from the cycle, which might be needed to support plant survival during salt stress. Using correlation analysis, we identified associations between the Na content and several sugars, suggesting that regulation of sugar metabolism is important in plant responses to salinity stress.