Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study

Nicholas Kassebaum; Hmwe Hmwe Kyu; Leo Zoeckler; Helen Elizabeth Olsen; Katie Thomas; Christine Pinho; Zulfiqar A Bhutta; Lalit Dandona; Alize Ferrari; Tsegaye Tewelde Ghiwot; Simon I Hay; Yohannes Kinfu; Xiaofeng Liang; Alan Lopez; Deborah Carvalho Malta; Ali H Mokdad; Mohsen Naghavi; George C Patton; Joshua Salomon; Benn Sartorius; Roman Topor-Madry; Stein Emil Vollset; Andrea Werdecker; Harvey A Whiteford; Kalkidan Hasen Abate; Kaja Abbas; Solomon Abrha Damtew; Muktar Beshir Ahmed; Nadia Akseer; Rajaa Al-Raddadi; Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu; Khalid Altirkawi; Amanuel Alemu Abajobir; Azmeraw T Amare; Carl A T Antonio; Johan Arnlov; Al Artaman; Hamid Asayesh; Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho; Ashish Awasthi; Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla; Umar Bacha; Balem Demtsu Betsu; Aleksandra Barac; Till Winfried Bärnighausen; Estifanos Baye; Neeraj Bedi; Isabela M Bensenor; Adugnaw Berhane; Eduardo Bernabe; Oscar Alberto Bernal; Addisu Shunu Beyene; Sibhatu Biadgilign; Boris Bikbov; Cheryl Anne Boyce; Alexandra Brazinova; Gessessew Bugssa Hailu; Austin Carter; Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela; Ferrán Catalá-López; Fiona J Charlson; Abdulaal A Chitheer; Jee-Young Jasmine Choi; Liliana G Ciobanu; John Crump; Rakhi Dandona; Robert P Dellavalle; Amare Deribew; Gabrielle deVeber; Daniel Dicker; Eric L Ding; Manisha Dubey; Amanuel Yesuf Endries; Holly E Erskine; Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon; Andre Faro; Farshad Farzadfar; Joao C Fernandes; Daniel Obadare Fijabi; Christina Fitzmaurice; Thomas D Fleming; Luisa Sorio Flor; Kyle J Foreman; Richard C Franklin; Maya S Fraser; Joseph J Frostad; Nancy Fullman; Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs; Alemseged Aregay Gebru; Johanna M Geleijnse; Katherine B Gibney; Mahari Gidey Yihdego; Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi; Melkamu Dedefo Gishu; Tessema Assefa Gizachew; Elizabeth Glaser; Audra L Gold; Ellen Goldberg; Philimon Gona; Atsushi Goto; Harish Chander Gugnani; Guohong Jiang; Rajeev Gupta; Fisaha Haile Tesfay; Graeme J Hankey; Rasmus Havmoeller; Martha Hijar; Masako Horino; H Dean Hosgood; Guoqing Hu; Kathryn H Jacobsen; Mihajlo B Jakovljevic; Sudha P Jayaraman; Vivekanand Jha; Tariku Jibat; Catherine O Johnson; Jost Jonas; Amir Kasaeian; Norito Kawakami; Peter N Keiyoro; Ibrahim Khalil; Young-Ho Khang; Jagdish Khubchandani; Aliasghar A Ahmad Kiadaliri; Christian Kieling; Daniel Kim; Niranjan Kissoon; Luke D Knibbs; Ai Koyanagi; Kristopher J Krohn; Barthelemy Kuate Defo; Burcu Kucuk Bicer; Rachel Kulikoff; G Anil Kumar; Dharmesh Kumar Lal; Hilton Y Lam; Heidi J Larson; Anders Larsson; Dennis Odai Laryea; Janni Leung; Stephen S Lim; Loon-Tzian Lo; Warren D Lo; Katharine J Looker; Paulo A Lotufo; Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek; Reza Malekzadeh; Desalegn Markos Shifti; Mohsen Mazidi; Peter A Meaney; Kidanu Gebremariam Meles; Peter Memiah; Walter Mendoza; Mubarek Abera Mengistie; Gebremichael Welday Mengistu; George A Mensah; Ted R Miller; Charles Mock; Alireza Mohammadi; Shafiu Mohammed; Lorenzo Monasta; Ulrich Mueller; Chie Nagata; Aliya Naheed; Grant Nguyen; Quyen Le Nguyen; Elaine Nsoesie; In-Hwan Oh; Anselm Okoro; Jacob Olusegun Olusanya; Bolajoko O Olusanya; Alberto Ortiz; Deepak Paudel; David M Pereira; Norberto Perico; Max Petzold; Michael Robert Phillips; Guilherme V Polanczyk; Farshad Pourmalek; Mostafa Qorbani; Anwar Rafay; Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar; Mahfuzar Rahman; Rajesh Kumar Rai; Usha Ram; Zane Rankin; Giuseppe Remuzzi; Andre M N Renzaho; Hirbo Shore Roba; David Rojas-Rueda; Luca Ronfani; Rajesh Sagar; Juan Ramon Sanabria; Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed; Itamar S Santos; Maheswar Satpathy; Monika Sawhney; Ben Schöttker; David C Schwebel; James G Scott; Sadaf G Sepanlou; Amira Shaheen; Masood Ali Shaikh; June She; Rahman Shiri; Ivy Shiue; Inga Dora Sigfusdottir; Jasvinder Singh; Naris Silpakit; Alison Smith; Chandrashekhar Sreeramareddy; Jeffrey D Stanaway; Dan J Stein; Caitlyn Steiner; Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan; Soumya Swaminathan; Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos; Karen M Tabb; Fentaw Tadese; Mohammad Tavakkoli; Bineyam Taye; Stephanie Teeple; Teketo Kassaw Tegegne; Girma Temam Shifa; Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi; Bernadette Thomas; Alan J Thomson; Ruoyan Tobe-Gai; Marcello Tonelli; Bach Xuan Tran; Christopher Troeger; Kingsley N Ukwaja; Olalekan Uthman; Tommi Vasankari; Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian; Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov; Elisabete Weiderpass; Robert Weintraub; Solomon Weldemariam Gebrehiwot; Ronny Westerman; Hywel C Williams; Charles D A Wolfe; Rachel Woodbrook; Yuichiro Yano; Naohiro Yonemoto; Seok-Jun Yoon; Mustafa Z Younis; Chuanhua Yu; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki; Elias Asfaw Zegeye; Liesl Joanna Zuhlke; Christopher J L Murray; Theo Vos; Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration

doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0250

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Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study

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Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study

Nicholas Kassebaum, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Leo Zoeckler, Helen Elizabeth Olsen, Katie Thomas, Christine Pinho, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Lalit Dandona, Alize Ferrari, Tsegaye Tewelde Ghiwot, …

JAMA pediatrics, Vol.171(6), pp.573-592

01/06/2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0250

PMID: 28384795

Abstract

Adolescent

Adolescent Health - statistics & numerical data

Adolescent Health - trends

Age Factors

Cause of Death

Child

Child Health - statistics & numerical data

Child Health - trends

Child Mortality - trends

Disabled Children - statistics & numerical data

Female

Global Burden of Disease - statistics & numerical data

Global Burden of Disease - trends

Global Health - statistics & numerical data

Global Health - trends

Humans

Male

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Complications - epidemiology

Risk Factors

Sex Factors

Wounds and Injuries - epidemiology

Wounds and Injuries - etiology

Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health. To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion. Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss. Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries. Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.

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Title: Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study
Creators - without role: Nicholas Kassebaum - University of Washington
Hmwe Hmwe Kyu - University of Washington
Leo Zoeckler - University of Washington
Helen Elizabeth Olsen - University of Washington
Katie Thomas - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Christine Pinho - University of Washington
Zulfiqar A Bhutta - Aga Khan University
Lalit Dandona - University of Washington
Alize Ferrari - University of Queensland
Tsegaye Tewelde Ghiwot - Jimma University
Simon I Hay - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Yohannes Kinfu - University of Canberra
Xiaofeng Liang - Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention
Alan Lopez - University of Melbourne
Deborah Carvalho Malta - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Ali H Mokdad - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Mohsen Naghavi - University of Washington
George C Patton - University of Melbourne
Joshua Salomon - Harvard University
Benn Sartorius - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Roman Topor-Madry - Jagiellonian University
Stein Emil Vollset - Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Andrea Werdecker - Federal Institute for Population Research
Harvey A Whiteford - University of Queensland
Kalkidan Hasen Abate - Jimma University
Kaja Abbas - Virginia Tech
Solomon Abrha Damtew - Wolaita Sodo University
Muktar Beshir Ahmed - Jimma University
Nadia Akseer - SickKids Foundation
Rajaa Al-Raddadi - Ministry of Health
Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu - Mekelle University
Khalid Altirkawi - King Saud University
Amanuel Alemu Abajobir - University of Queensland
Azmeraw T Amare - University of Adelaide
Carl A T Antonio - University of the Philippines Manila
Johan Arnlov - Uppsala University
Al Artaman - University of Manitoba
Hamid Asayesh - Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services
Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho - Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin
Ashish Awasthi - Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla - La Trobe University
Umar Bacha - University of Management and Technology
Balem Demtsu Betsu - Mekelle University
Aleksandra Barac - University of Belgrade
Till Winfried Bärnighausen - Harvard University
Estifanos Baye - Monash University
Neeraj Bedi - Jazan University
Isabela M Bensenor - Universidade de São Paulo
Adugnaw Berhane - Debre Berhan University
Eduardo Bernabe - King's College London
Oscar Alberto Bernal - Universidad de Los Andes
Addisu Shunu Beyene - Haramaya University
Sibhatu Biadgilign - Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Boris Bikbov - V.I.Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs
Cheryl Anne Boyce - National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Alexandra Brazinova - University of Trnava
Gessessew Bugssa Hailu - Mekelle University
Austin Carter - University of Washington
Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela - Instituto Nacional de Salud
Ferrán Catalá-López - Universitat de València
Fiona J Charlson - University of Queensland
Abdulaal A Chitheer - Ministry of Health
Jee-Young Jasmine Choi - Seoul National University
Liliana G Ciobanu - University of Adelaide
John Crump - University of Otago
Rakhi Dandona - Public Health Foundation of India
Robert P Dellavalle - Colorado School of Public Health
Amare Deribew - University of Oxford
Gabrielle deVeber - SickKids Foundation
Daniel Dicker - University of Washington
Eric L Ding - Harvard University
Manisha Dubey - International Institute for Population Sciences
Amanuel Yesuf Endries - Arba Minch University
Holly E Erskine - Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research
Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon - University of the Philippines Manila
Andre Faro - Universidade Federal de Sergipe
Farshad Farzadfar - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Joao C Fernandes - Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Daniel Obadare Fijabi - Brandeis University
Christina Fitzmaurice - University of Washington
Thomas D Fleming - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Luisa Sorio Flor - Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública
Kyle J Foreman - University of Washington
Richard C Franklin - James Cook University
Maya S Fraser - University of Washington
Joseph J Frostad - University of Washington
Nancy Fullman - University of Washington
Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs - Mekelle University
Alemseged Aregay Gebru - Mekelle University
Johanna M Geleijnse - Wageningen University & Research
Katherine B Gibney - Peter Doherty Institute
Mahari Gidey Yihdego - Mizan Tepi University
Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi - University of Ha'il
Melkamu Dedefo Gishu - Independent Public Health Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tessema Assefa Gizachew - University of Adelaide
Elizabeth Glaser - Brandeis University
Audra L Gold - University of Washington
Ellen Goldberg - University of Washington
Philimon Gona - University of Massachusetts Boston
Atsushi Goto - National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
Harish Chander Gugnani - Department of Microbiology, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, St James School of Medicine, the Quarter, Anguilla
Guohong Jiang - Tianjin Medical University
Rajeev Gupta - Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, India
Fisaha Haile Tesfay - Mekelle University
Graeme J Hankey - University of Western Australia
Rasmus Havmoeller - Karolinska Institutet
Martha Hijar - Fundacion Entornos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
Masako Horino - Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health
H Dean Hosgood - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Guoqing Hu - Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Kathryn H Jacobsen - George Mason University
Mihajlo B Jakovljevic - University of Kragujevac
Sudha P Jayaraman - Virginia Commonwealth University
Vivekanand Jha - University of Oxford
Tariku Jibat - Addis Ababa University
Catherine O Johnson - University of Washington
Jost Jonas - Heidelberg
Amir Kasaeian - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Norito Kawakami - The University of Tokyo
Peter N Keiyoro - University of Nairobi
Ibrahim Khalil - University of Washington
Young-Ho Khang - Seoul National University
Jagdish Khubchandani - Ball State University
Aliasghar A Ahmad Kiadaliri - Lund University
Christian Kieling - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
Daniel Kim - Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
Niranjan Kissoon - University of British Columbia
Luke D Knibbs - University of Queensland
Ai Koyanagi - Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu
Kristopher J Krohn - University of Washington
Barthelemy Kuate Defo - University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Burcu Kucuk Bicer - Hacettepe University
Rachel Kulikoff - University of Washington
G Anil Kumar - Public Health Foundation of India
Dharmesh Kumar Lal - Public Health Foundation of India
Hilton Y Lam - National Institutes of Health
Heidi J Larson - Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Anders Larsson - Uppsala University
Dennis Odai Laryea - Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
Janni Leung - University of Queensland
Stephen S Lim - University of Washington
Loon-Tzian Lo - Alton Mental Health Center, Alton, Illinois
Warren D Lo - The Ohio State University
Katharine J Looker - University of Bristol
Paulo A Lotufo - Debre Berhan University
Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek - Mansoura University
Reza Malekzadeh - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Desalegn Markos Shifti - Madda Walabu University
Mohsen Mazidi - Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology
Peter A Meaney - University of Pennsylvania
Kidanu Gebremariam Meles - Mekelle University
Peter Memiah - University of West Florida, Pensacola
Walter Mendoza - United Nations Population Fund
Mubarek Abera Mengistie - Jimma University
Gebremichael Welday Mengistu - Mekelle University
George A Mensah - National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
Ted R Miller - Pacific Institute For Research and Evaluation
Charles Mock - University of Washington
Alireza Mohammadi - Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Shafiu Mohammed - Ahmadu Bello University
Lorenzo Monasta - Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Ulrich Mueller - Federal Institute for Population Research
Chie Nagata - National Center For Child Health and Development
Aliya Naheed - International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Grant Nguyen - University of Washington
Quyen Le Nguyen - Duy Tan University
Elaine Nsoesie - University of Washington
In-Hwan Oh - Kyung Hee University
Anselm Okoro - Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya - Healthy Start
Bolajoko O Olusanya - IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Alberto Ortiz - IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Deepak Paudel - UK Department for International Development, Lalitpur, Nepal
David M Pereira - Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Norberto Perico - Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
Max Petzold - University of Gothenburg
Michael Robert Phillips - Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Guilherme V Polanczyk - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Farshad Pourmalek - University of British Columbia
Mostafa Qorbani - Alborz University of Medical Sciences
Anwar Rafay - Contect International Health Consultants, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Mahfuzar Rahman - Access to Wholistic and Productive Living Institute
Rajesh Kumar Rai - Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
Usha Ram - International Institute for Population Sciences
Zane Rankin - University of Washington
Giuseppe Remuzzi - International Society of Nephrology
Andre M N Renzaho - Western Sydney University
Hirbo Shore Roba - Haramaya University
David Rojas-Rueda - Barcelona Institute for Global Health
Luca Ronfani - Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
Rajesh Sagar - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Juan Ramon Sanabria - Marshall University
Muktar Sano Kedir Mohammed - Mizan Tepi University
Itamar S Santos - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Maheswar Satpathy - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Monika Sawhney - Marshall University
Ben Schöttker - Institute of Health Care and Social Sciences, FOM University, Essen, Germany
David C Schwebel - University of Alabama at Birmingham
James G Scott - University of Queensland
Sadaf G Sepanlou - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Amira Shaheen - Department of Public Health, An-Najah University, Nablus, Palestine
Masood Ali Shaikh - Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
June She - Fudan University
Rahman Shiri - University of Helsinki
Ivy Shiue - Newcastle University
Inga Dora Sigfusdottir - Reykjavík University
Jasvinder Singh - University of Alabama at Birmingham
Naris Silpakit - University of Washington
Alison Smith - University of Washington
Chandrashekhar Sreeramareddy - University of Kuala Lumpur
Jeffrey D Stanaway - University of Washington
Dan J Stein - University of Cape Town
Caitlyn Steiner - University of Washington
Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan - Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
Soumya Swaminathan - Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos - Universitat de València
Karen M Tabb - University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Fentaw Tadese - Debre Markos University
Mohammad Tavakkoli - New York Medical Center, Valhalla
Bineyam Taye - Colgate University
Stephanie Teeple - University of Washington
Teketo Kassaw Tegegne - Debre Markos University
Girma Temam Shifa - Arba Minch University
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi - University of Virginia
Bernadette Thomas - University of Washington
Alan J Thomson - Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Ruoyan Tobe-Gai - National Center For Child Health and Development
Marcello Tonelli - University of Calgary
Bach Xuan Tran - Johns Hopkins University
Christopher Troeger - University of Washington
Kingsley N Ukwaja - Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki
Olalekan Uthman - University of Warwick
Tommi Vasankari - Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian - Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov - National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Elisabete Weiderpass - Cancer Registry of Norway
Robert Weintraub - Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Solomon Weldemariam Gebrehiwot - Mekelle University
Ronny Westerman - Federal Institute for Population Research
Hywel C Williams - University of Nottingham
Charles D A Wolfe - University of the Andes
Rachel Woodbrook - University of Washington
Yuichiro Yano - Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
Naohiro Yonemoto - Kyoto University
Seok-Jun Yoon - University of Seoul
Mustafa Z Younis - Jackson State University
Chuanhua Yu - Wuhan University
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki - Mansoura University
Elias Asfaw Zegeye - University of KwaZulu-Natal
Liesl Joanna Zuhlke - Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital
Christopher J L Murray - University of Washington
Theo Vos - University of Washington
Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration
Publication Details: JAMA pediatrics, Vol.171(6), pp.573-592
Identifiers: 9936194008331
Academic Unit: King Abdulaziz University; King Saud University
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article