Abstract
•Free convection of in a 3D cavity with T-object and TE cooler is examined.•Nu is enhanced with higher current flux and lower ambient temperature.•Inclination of cavity surface reduces the average Nu.•Significant enhancements of Nu (128%) are obtained with nanofluid (CNT-water).•Impact of inclination of T-shaped object is higher as compared to size.
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Natural convection of CNT-water nanofluid in a 3D cavity with an inner T-shaped adiabatic obstacle is studied. The cold surface temperature of the enclosure is controlled by using a thermoelectric cooler while the hot surface of the cavity is made inclined. Numerical simulations are performed by using Galerkin weighted residual finite element method. Impact of various pertinent parameters such as current flux of the thermoelectric cooler (between 0.01 A/mm2 and 0.04 A/mm2), ambient temperature (between 298 K and 313 K), inclination of the side surface of 3D cavity (between 0 and 40∘), inclination of the T-shaped obstacle (between −90∘ and 90∘), size of the obstacle (between 0.1 H and 0.4 H) and solid nanoparticle volume fraction (between 0 and 4%) on the natural convective heat transfer features is numerically examined. It was observed the local and average heat transfer rates are enhanced with higher values of current flux of the thermoelectric element and solid nanoparticle volume fraction while the effect is reverse with higher hot side temperature of the thermoelectric element and cavity side surface inclination angle. As compared to others, size and inclination of the T-shaped obstacle have slight effects on the variation of Nusselt number and maximum deviation of 6% in the average heat transfer is obtained when the orientation of the obstacle is changed from −45∘ to −90∘. When the minimum and maximum values of cavity inclination angles are compared, 23.70% of reduction in the average Nusselt number is obtained. The heat transfer augmentation with CNT-nanoparticle inclusion is significant and 128% enhancement in the average Nusselt number is achieved at the highest solid nanoparticle volume fraction.