Abstract
Hierarchically structured nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (NCNT) composites, with copper (Cu) nanoparticles embedded uniformly within the nanotube walls and cobalt oxide (CoxOy) nanoparticles decorated on the nanotube surfaces, are fabricated via a combinational process. This process involves the growth of Cu embedded CNTs by low- and high-temperature chemical vapor deposition, post-treatment with ammonia for nitrogen doping of these CNTs, precipitation-assisted separation of NCNTs from cobalt nitrate aqueous solution, and finally thermal annealing for CoxOy decoration. Theoretical calculations show that interaction of Cu nanoparticles with CNT walls can effectively decrease the work function of CNT surfaces and improve adsorption of hydroxyl ions onto the CNT surfaces. Thus, the activities of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are significantly enhanced. Because of this benefit, further nitrogen doping, and synergistic coupling between CoxOy and NCNTs, Cu@NCNT/CoxOy composites exhibit ORR activity comparable to that of commercial Pt/C catalysts and high OER activity (outperforming that of IrO2 catalysts). More importantly, the composites display superior long-term stability for both ORR and OER. This simple but general synthesis protocol can be extended to design and synthesis of other metal/metal oxide systems for fabrication of high-performance carbon-based electrocatalysts with multifunctional catalytic activities.