Abstract
The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as precursors for the manufacture of heterogeneous catalysts has gained a great deal of attention over the last decade. By subjecting a given MOF to pyrolysis, electrochemical degradation, or other treatments under a controlled atmosphere, (supported) metal (oxide) nanoparticles with very narrow size distributions can be obtained, opening the door to the design of more efficient catalytic solids. Here, we demonstrate the benefits of steam during the controlled decomposition of two different MOF structures (Basolite F300(Fe) and In@ZIF-67(Co)) and the consequences of treatment under this mildly oxidizing atmosphere on the properties of the resulting catalysts for the direct hydrogenation of CO2 to hydrocarbons and methanol. In-depth characterization demonstrates that steam addition helps to control the phase composition both before and after catalysis; additionally, it results in the formation of smaller nanoparticles, thus leading to more efficient catalysts in comparison with conventional pyrolysis.