Abstract
Cell-impermeable and negatively charged compounds' cellular uptake across the cell membranes remains challenging. Herein, the synthesis of four linear [(WWRR)
, (WWRR)
, (WWRR)
, and (WWRR)
] and four cyclic ([WWRR]
, [WWRR]
, [WWRR]
, and [WWRR]
) peptides containing alternate two tryptophan (WW) and two arginine (RR) residues and their biological evaluation as molecular transporters are reported. The peptides did not show any significant cytotoxicity in different cell lines (MDA-MB-23, SK-OV-3, and HEK 293) at a concentration of 5 μM and after 3 h of incubation time. The uptake of fluorescence-labeled cargo molecules (F'-GpYEEI, F'-siRNA, and F'-3TC) in the presence of the peptides was monitored in different cell lines (SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231) with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Among all the peptides, [WWRR]
(
) showed the highest cellular uptake of cargo molecules, indicating it can act as effective molecular transporter. Confocal microscopy in MDA-MB-231 cells showed the cellular uptake of F'-GpYEEI in the presence of
and the intracellular localization of fluorescence-labeled
(
) in the cytosol. The
cellular uptake was found to be concentration- and time-dependent, as shown by flow cytometry in MDA-MB-231 cells. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry of
in MDA-MB-231 cells were examined alone and in the presence of different endocytosis inhibitors (chlorpromazine, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, chloroquine, and nystatin). The data showed that the cellular uptake of
in the presence of chlorpromazine, chloroquine, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin was reduced but not completely eliminated, indicating that both energy-independent and energy-dependent pathways contributed to the cellular uptake of
. Similar results were obtained using the confocal microscopy of
and F'-GpYEEI in the presence of endocytosis inhibitors (chlorpromazine, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, chloroquine, and nystatin). These data indicate that
has the potential to be used as a cell-penetrating peptide and cargo transporter.