Abstract
Currently, the primary concerns on the Internet are security and privacy, particularly in encrypted communications to prevent snooping and modification of Domain Name System (DNS) data by hackers who may attack using the HTTP protocol to gain illegal access to the information. DNS over HTTPS (DoH) is the new protocol that has made remarkable progress in encrypting Domain Name System traffic to prevent modifying DNS traffic and spying. To alleviate these challenges, this study explored the detection of DoH traffic tunnels of encrypted traffic, with the aim to determine the gained information through the use of HTTP. To implement the proposed work, state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms were used including Random Forest (RF), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), Logistic Regression (LR), k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), the Support Vector Classifier (SVC), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Decision Tree (DT), Adaboost, Gradient Boost (SGD), and LSTM neural networks. Moreover, ensemble models consisting of multiple base classifiers were utilized to carry out a series of experiments and conduct a comparative study. The CIRA-CIC-DoHBrw2020 dataset was used for experimentation. The experimental findings showed that the detection accuracy of the stacking model for binary classification was 99.99%. In the multiclass classification, the gradient boosting model scored maximum values of 90.71%, 90.71%, 90.87%, and 91.18% in Accuracy, Recall, Precision, and AUC. Moreover, the micro average ROC curve for the LSTM model scored 98%.