Abstract
Due to the lack of ecofriendly/green reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC) methods for trans-anethole (TAL) and its simplicity over routine analytical techniques, there was a necessity to establish a suitable HPTLC methodology for the quantitative analysis of TAL. Therefore, the first objective of this research was to develop an accurate, rapid and green RP-HPTLC densitometry methodology for the quantitative analysis of TAL in essential oil, traditional and ultrasound-assisted extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill and commercial formulations. The second objective was to compare the traditional method of extraction of TAL with its ultrasound-assisted method of extraction. The chromatogram of TAL from essential oil and traditional and ultrasound-assisted extracts of fennel and commercial formulations was verified by recoding its single spectra at R-f = 0.31 +/- 0.01 in comparison to standard TAL. The proposed analytical methodology has been found to be superior in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision compared to most of the reported analytical methods for TAL analysis. The amount of TAL in the essential oil of fennel was recorded as 8.82 mg per g of oil. The content of TAL in traditional extracts of fennel, formulation 1 (dietary supplement 1) and formulation 2 (dietary supplement 2), was recorded as 6.44, 4.88 and 4.48 mg per g, respectively. The amount of TAL in ultrasound-assisted extracts of fennel, formulation 1 and formulation 2, was recorded as 8.34, 6.46 and 5.81 mg per g, respectively. The ultrasound method of extraction of TAL was found to be better than the traditional method of extraction. The results of validation studies and phytochemical analysis showed that the proposed methodology could be efficiently utilized for the quantification of TAL in the wide range of products having TAL as a component.