Abstract
The incidence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes (
and
) among Gram-negative multidrug-resistant pathogens collected from three different countries was investigated. Two hundred and ninety-two clinical isolates were collected from Egypt (
= 90), Saudi Arabia (
= 162), and Sudan (
= 40). Based on the antimicrobial sensitivity against 20 antimicrobial agents from 11 antibiotic classes, the most resistant strains were selected and identified using the Vitek2 system and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A total of 85.6% of the isolates were found to be resistant to more than three antibiotic classes. The ratios of the multidrug-resistant strains for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan were 74.4%, 90.1%, and 97.5%, respectively.
,
, and
showed inconstant resistance levels to the different classes of antibiotics.
and
had the highest levels of resistance against macrolides followed by penicillins and cephalosporin, while
was most resistant to penicillins followed by classes that varied among different countries. The isolates were positive for the presence of the
and
genes. The
gene was the predominant gene in all isolates (100%), while
was detected in 66.7% of the selected isolates. This work highlights the detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistant genes among different countries. We suggest that the medical authorities urgently implement antimicrobial surveillance plans and infection control policies for early detection and effective prevention of the rapid spread of these pathogens.