Abstract
Mono-cropping in the farming system decline in farm profit, climate change, and food insecurity are some of the major concerns that lead to unsustainability in the agricultural production system in the Eastern Gangetic Plains. A study was conducted for three years from June 2019 to June 2022 at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India, to assess the profitable and best rice-based cropping system through crop diversification for sustainable agriculture. Ten different cropping sequences were exploited using randomised block design and replicated thrice, with the system productivity ranging from 8.70 to 24.95 t ha(-1) under the different cropping sequences. The system productivity was increased by 187% and profitability by 299.52% in the maize - Cole crops - sesame cropping system over the rice - wheat cropping system. A diversified cropping system with black gram - maize + vegetable pea - sesbania possessed significantly more soil organic carbon (0.49%), bacterial population (47.85 x 10(6) cfu/g soil), azotobacter population (42.96 x 10(4) cfu/g soil), phosphate solubilising bacteria (20.72 x 10(6) cfu/g soil), dehydrogenase activity (4.39 mu g TPF/g/h), fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity (17.28 mu g fluorescein/g/h) and acid phosphatase activity (451.46 mu g pNP/g/h), as well as urease activity (47.21 mu g NH4+/g/h), relative to the rice-wheat cropping system. Therefore, the adoption of vegetables and legumes as diversified crops are viable options for enhancing productivity, profitability and soil health in the EGPs.