Abstract
We investigate two types of dual identities for Riemann fractional sums and differences. The first type relates nabla- and delta-type fractional sums and differences. The second type represented by the
Q
-operator relates left and right fractional sums and differences. These dual identities insist that in the definition of right fractional differences, we have to use both nabla and delta operators. The solution representation for a higher-order Riemann fractional difference equation is obtained as well.