Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) or both can lead to mortality. CD4(+)T cells are the target for both HTLV-I and HIV-1. In addition, HIV-1 can infect macrophages. CD4(+)T cells and macrophages play important roles in the immune system response. This article develops and analyzes a discrete-time HTLV-I and HIV-1 co-infection model. The model depicts the within-host interaction of six compartments: uninfected CD4(+)T cells, HIV-1-infected CD4(+)T cells, uninfected macrophages, HIV-1-infected macrophages, free HIV-1 particles and HTLV-I-infected CD4(+)T cells. The discrete-time model is obtained by discretizing the continuous-time model via the nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) approach. We show that NSFD preserves the positivity and boundedness of the model's solutions. We deduce four threshold parameters that control the existence and stability of the four equilibria of the model. The Lyapunov method is used to examine the global stability of all equilibria. The analytical findings are supported via numerical simulation. The model can be useful when one seeks to design optimal treatment schedules using optimal control theory.