Abstract
Penicillium verrucosum contaminates temperate cereals with ochratoxin A (OTA) during harvesting and storage. We examined the effect of temperature (25 vs 30 degrees C), CO2 (400 vs 1000 ppm) and matric/solute stress (-2.8 vs -7.0 MPa) on (i) growth, (ii) key OTA biosynthetic genes and (iii) OTA production on a milled wheat substrate. Growth was generally faster under matric than solute stress at 25 degrees C, regardless of CO2 concentrations. At 30 degrees C, growth of P. verrucosum was significantly reduced under solute stress in both CO2 treatments, with no growth observed at -2.8 MPa (=0.98 water activity, a(w)) and 1000 ppm CO2. Overall, growth patterns under solute stress was slower in elevated CO2 than under matric stress when compared with existing conditions. The otapksPV gene expression was increased under elevated CO2 levels in matric stress treatments. There was fewer effects on the otanrpsPV biosynthetic gene. This pattern was paralleled with the production of OTA under these conditions. This suggest that P. verrucosum is able to actively grow and survive in both soil and on crop debris under three way interacting climate-related abiotic factors. This resilience suggests that they would still be able to pose an OTA contamination risk in temperate cereals post-harvest. (C) 2020 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.