Abstract
Atropine sulfate (AS) fast-disintegrating sublingual tablets (FDSTs) were tested for AS sublingual permeation's feasibility as a potential alternative dosage form to treat organophosphates (OP) toxicity. More than 12,000 OP pesticide toxicity cases were reported in the USA from 2011 to 2014. AS is the recommended antidote for OP toxicity; however, it is only available as an ATROPEN (R) auto-injector, an IM injection, for self-administration, which is associated with several drawbacks and limitations. Six AS FDST batches were formulated and characterized. Two tablet sizes, group A weighing 150mg and group B weighing 50mg, were formulated with three different AS doses: 2mg (A1 and B1), 4mg (A2 and B2), and 8mg (A3 and B3). AS in vitro diffusion and sublingual permeation were investigated in Franz cells using a cellulose membrane and an excised porcine sublingual membrane. The effect of AS load and tablet size on sublingual permeation was also evaluated. All batches passed quality control tests. AS FDSTs' size and AS load had a significant effect on tablet disintegration time and drug dissolution, which significantly impacted AS concentration gradient across the diffusional membrane. Group B FDSTs (smaller tablets) resulted in a significantly higher initial permeation (JAUC(0-15)) compared to group A FDSTs. Also, the cumulative AS (JAUC(0-90)) and AS influx (J) increased linearly with increasing AS dose. These AS FDSTs have the potential to be explored in vivo to determine the required bioequivalent sublingual AS dose as an alternative dosage form for the treatment of OP toxicity.