Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a known semiconducting material that has been effectively used in photo-catalytic processes to promote environmental sustainability. It can also reduce the environmental chaos caused by fossil fuel combustion to meet energy demands. Many studies have proposed modifications of the large band gap in TiO2, which causes visible light activation during photocatalytic reactions when exposed to UV light radiation. Therefore, many alterations, such as the doping of nonmetals and metals to TiO2, have been investigated. In this review, we discuss advanced preparation techniques for TiO2 with various dopants and techniques. Characterization methods were performed to evaluate the structural, morphological, and optical properties of TiO2 doped with metal and nonmetal ions, such as S, C, N, Fe, B, W, Ag, Nb, and Zn, by various synthesis methods. We also explored the experimental and other characteristics to determine the best doping component for use in real-time applications.