Abstract
The utilization of the proper and safe analgesics was considered a major concern in pain alleviation especially that associated with surgical procedures. Novel analgesics as Tapentadol hydrochloride (TAP) was involved efficiently instead of the common opioids to overcome the subsequent severe and common adverse effects associated with opioids utilization. Unfortunately, the extensive first pass metabolism limits the oral bioavail-ability of TAP and predisposes to a diminished duration of action, hence larger frequent doses of TAP will be required. Therefore, the target of this study was to lodge TAP into PEGylated transferosomes to boost its transdermal delivery. The PEGylation contemplated to boost both TAP permeability and bioavailability besides offering extra resilience to the vesicles.The impact of diverse variables on the characteristics of the vesicles and distinguishing the optimal formula were implemented adopting 23 factorial experiment via Design Expert (R) software. The resulted eight formulae were fabricated by thin film hydration technique, additionally they were evaluated based on the findings of entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP) and the optimal one was involved in further assessments. The optimal formula (F8) exhibited spherical vesicles with EE% of 77.9 +/- 3.4 %, PS of 150.5 +/- 5.33 nm, PDI of 0.47 +/- 0.05, ZP of-40.7 +/- 4.6 mV and it also revealed greater deformability index (30.9 +/- 6.1 g) relative to traditional transferosomes (12.15 +/- 2.49 g).In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy examination affirmed the superior penetration of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye thorough the rat's skin from F8 relative to the dye solution. The safety of F8 was confirmed by histopathological study. Moreover, dermato-kinetic study disclosed that TAP exhibited higher retention within the rat's skin form F8 relative to TAP dispersion. Furthermore, the in vivo pharmacodynamics activities con-ducted on male rats confirmed the superiority of F8 over the drug dispersion in alleviation the induced pain by IP injection of acetic acid and by formation of paw incisions.Collectively, the credibility of F8 as panel for transdermal delivery of TAP with boosted bioavailability and analgesic activity could be ensured on the basis of the obtained findings.