Abstract
Understanding photophysical and electrocatalytic processes during photocatalysis in a powder suspension system is crucial for developing efficient solar energy conversion systems. We report a substantial enhancement by a factor of 3 in photocatalytic efficiency for the. oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by adding trace amounts (similar to 0.05 wt %) of noble metals (Rh and Ru) to a 2 wt % cobalt oxide modified Ta3N5 photocatalyst particulate. The optimized system exhibited high quantum efficiencies (QEs) of up to 28 and 8.4% at 500 and 600 nm in 0.1 M Na2S2O8 at pH 14. By isolation of the electrochemical components to generate doped cobalt oxide electrodes, the electrocatalytic activity of cobalt oxide on doping with Ru or Rh was improved in comparison with cobalt oxide, as evidenced by the onset shift for electrochemical OER Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the effect of a second metal addition is to perturb the electronic structure and redox properties in such a way that both hole transfer kinetics and electrocatalytic rates improve. Time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS) measurement provides evidence of long-lived electron populations (>1 ns; with mobilities mu(e) approximate to 0.1-3 cm(2) s(-1)), which are not perturbed by the addition of CoOx-related phases. Furthermore, we find that Ta3N5 phases alone suffer ultrafast hole trapping (within 10 ps); the CoOx and M/CoOx decorations most likely induce a kinetic competition between hole transfer toward the CoOx-related phases and trapping in the Ta3N5 phase, which is consistent with the improved OER rates. The present work not only provides a novel way to improve electrocatalytic and photocatalytic performance but also gives additional tools and insight into understand the characteristics of photocatalysts that can be used in a suspension system.