Abstract
One of the most critical aspects of energy extraction is maximizing incident energy at solar module surfaces. Maximizing solar energy incidence on standard flat solar-PV modules' flat surfaces is considered as the incident for the solar energy maximization issue. The angle at which photovoltaic (PV) panels are tilted influences how much solar energy falls on the panel surface. The ideal tilt angle is calculated by the sun's position, latitude, and local topographical factors. The ideal angles for fixed-tilt solar-PV systems for city of Najran (18.00 & DEG; N, 45.40 & DEG; E), Saudi Arabia, are addressed in this article. Data on the horizontal solar radiation for the Najran city were collected from "Climate.OneBuilding.Org, " as well as measured by meteorological equipment by LSI located at engineering college, Najran University, Saudi Arabia. The fixed-tilt options for monthly, seasonally and annually have all been evaluated, and the best one has been chosen. Annual optimum tilt for Najran was found as 20.97 & DEG;. The value of annual ideal angle was reasonably close to the respective location's latitude. Average solar radiation for annual optimum tilt was found in the range of 20.04-26.01 MJ m(-2)-day. Average annual solar radiation gains estimated in contrast to horizontally installed solar-PV modules (based on monthly, seasonal, and yearly optimal tilts) were 9.56, 8.08 and 3.32%. The surface at seasonal and yearly optimal tilts compared with optimum monthly tilt was projected to lose 1.36 and 5.70% energy, respectively.