Abstract
•Tramadol induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis in rats.•Tramadol exposure induced p53 overexpression and down-regulation of Bcl2.•Tramadol toxicity induced oxidative damage and histological disorder in the brain.•Vitamin C has neuroprotective effects against tramadol induced-oxidative damage in rats.•Vitamin C mitigated tramadol neurotoxicity and improved histological damage.
Reported tramadol toxicity emphasizes the necessity to recognize its mechanism of toxicity, particularly to the brain tissue. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin C (Vit C) in cerebrocortical toxicity mediated by tramadol in rats using biochemical and histological parameters.
Forty-eight albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups, (n = 6/group) as follow: the control group received normal saline and vitamin C group received vitamin C (200 mg/kg per oral). Tramadol 50, 100, 150 groups received tramadol in doses of (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg per oral, respectively); Tramadol 50+ Vit C, 100+ Vit C, 150+ Vit C groups received vitamin C (200 mg/kg per oral) plus tramadol in doses of (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg per oral, respectively). Rats had received vitamin C and tramadol daily for 30 days. Blood and brain tissues samples were harvested for biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations.
Tramadol administration leads to a significant elevation of MDA, NO levels and a significant decrease in antioxidants parameters (CAT, SOD and GSH) in the tissues of cerebral cortices in rats which were directly proportional to the dose of tramadol. In histological investigations, tramadol-treated groups showed pyknotic pyramidal cells, multiple red neurons and shrinking red neurons with hallows around it and apoptotic cells were detected. These biochemical abnormalities and histological impairment were ameliorated in groups with tramadol low doses by the co-treatment with vitamin C.
vitamin C has antioxidant and anti-apoptotic potentials against tramadol neurotoxicity via suppression of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, structural abnormalities, and down-regulation of p53 and overexpression of Bcl2 in the nervous tissues.