Abstract
[Purpose] assess the impact of exercise intensity on desire to smoke, serum cotinine,
stress hormones, total antioxidant capacity, and oxidative free radicals as potential
markers of cardiopulmonary metabolic disorders were measured.in cigarette smokers.
[Subjects and Methods] The participants (150 randomly selected healthy men, aged
18–55 years) were classified into 4 smoking groups: control (non-smokers; N= 30); mild (N
= 33); moderate (N = 42), and heavy (N = 45). The participants were assigned to either
moderate (8 weeks) or short-term (20–45 min) exercise training. The desire to smoke, Mood
and Physical Symptoms Scale, and Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale scores, cotinine,
stress hormones (cortisol and testosterone), free radicals (malondialdehyde, nitric
oxide), and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated. [Results] Significant increases in
serum cotinine, cortisol, testosterone, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels and a
reduction in total antioxidant capacity activity were observed in all smoker groups; heavy
smokers showed a higher change in metabolites. In all smoker groups, both short and
moderate- intensity exercises significantly reduce cotinine, cortisol, testosterone, and
malondialdehyde and increased nitric oxide levels and total antioxidant capacity activity;
further, the desire to smoke, Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale, and Subjective Exercise
Experiences Scale scores were reduced. This supports the ability of exercise to increase
nitric oxide bioavailability, enhance of blood vessels function and ultimately decrease
the incidence of cardiopulmonary disorders. [Conclusion] Exercise interventions with
varying intensities may be used as nicotine replacement therapy or protective aids against
smoking-related cardiopulmonary disorders.